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AlzRisk Paper Detail
Risk Factors
Alcohol
B Vitamins
Blood Pressure
Cognitive Activity
Diabetes Mellitus
Dietary Pattern
Head injury
Homocysteine
Hormone Therapy
Inflammatory Biomarkers
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Nutritional Antioxidants
Obesity
Physical Activity
Statin use
Reference:
de Bruijn, 2013
Cohort:
Rotterdam Study
Risk Factor:
Physical Activity
Average Follow-up Time Detail
Baseline evaluation occurred from 1997 through 1999.
Exposure Detail
Physical activity was measured using an adapted version of the Zutphen Physical Activity Questionnaire, which contains questions on walking, cycling, gardening, recreational physical activity, and housekeeping. Participants were asked how many hours were spent on each activity per week in the previous two weeks, and for recreational or gardening activities, if these activities were only practiced in the summer or winter. Metabolic equivalent of task (MET) hours per week was calculated based on responses to the questionnaire. Because of a skewed distribution, the median is displayed instead of the mean. In regression analysis, MET-hours per week was first log transformed and analyed per standard deviation increase.
Ethnicity Detail
Investigators do not provide data on ethnicity. All participants were residents of a suburb of Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Screening and Diagnosis Detail
Screening Method:
CAMDEX
Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly
GMS
Geriatric Mental State Schedule (Copeland 1976)
MMSE
Mini-Mental State Examination (Folstein 1975)
AD Diagnosis:
DSM IIIR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III-Revised
NINCDS ADRDA
National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association Criteria (McKhann 1984)
Total dementia definition
: Dementia via DSM-III-R.
"Participants were screened for dementia at baseline and follow-up examinations using a three-step protocol. Screening was done using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Geriatric Mental Schedule (GMS) organic level [30, 31]. Screen-positives (MMSE <26 or GMS organic level >0) subsequently underwent an examination and informant interview with the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders in the Elderly(CAMDEX) [32]. Participants who were suspected of having dementia, underwent, if necessary, further neuropsychological testing. Additionally, the total cohort was continuously monitored for dementia through computerized linkage between the study database and digitized medical records from general
practitioners and the Regional Institute for Outpatient Mental Health Care. When information on neuro-imaging was required and available, it was used for decision making on the diagnosis. In the end, a consensus panel, led by a neurologist, decided on the final diagnosis in accordance with standard criteria using the DSM-III-R criteria for dementia and the NINCDS-ADRDA for Alzheimer disease."
Covariates & Analysis Detail
Analysis Type:
Cox proportional hazards regression
Follow-up time was used as the time scale in Cox proportional hazards models.
AD Covariates:
A
age
E
education
G
gender
APOE4
APOE e4 genotype
MMSE
baseline MMSE
BMI
body mass index
DM
diabetes mellitus
HDL
HDL cholesterol
HTN
hypertension
SM
smoking status
TC
total cholesterol
TD Covariates:
A
age
E
education
G
gender
APOE4
APOE e4 genotype
MMSE
baseline MMSE
BMI
body mass index
DM
diabetes mellitus
HDL
HDL cholesterol
HTN
hypertension
SM
smoking status
TC
total cholesterol